中国区块链网：区块链的法律风险与展望

Legal Risks and Prospects of Blockchain

区块链自2017年起到2018年间发展迅速，无疑让政府部门、国际组织和传统投资圈有些应接不暇，但同时，这巨大的变革也带来了巨大的机会，其中虽有的昙花一现，但更多的将会在全社会引发深刻的变化。

The rapid development of the blockchain from 2017 to 2018 undoubtedly overwhelmed the government departments, international organizations and traditional investment circles, but at the same time, this huge change has brought about enormous opportunities. Although some of them are ephemeral, many of them trigger profound changes to the whole society.

区块链技术会面对的法律风险与问题

The Legal Risks and Issues that Blockchain Technology will Face

区块链作为一种分布式系统，一种算法技术的创新应用，只要不涉及伦理问题和道德风险，不存在国家监管与法律规制问题，正所谓“技术无罪”。

As a distributed system, blockchain is an innovative application of algorithm technology. As long as it does not involve ethical issues and moral hazard, it will not violate state supervision and legal regulations. This is the so-called “technology is innocence.”

基于区块链技术应用发展起来的数字货币的发展，与各国的法定货币和现有法律规则发生了严重的冲突，本质上挑战了中心化的由国家暴力机器保证的铸币权。所以，在目前和将来可以预见这样的挑战将会继续并存着。如今各个国家采取了不同的态度，有的拥抱，比如马耳他、德国、日本等；有的着重监管，比如美国、中国；也有一些相对保守的国家则采取抵制的态度。

The development of digital currency based on the blockchain technology has serious conflicts with national legal currency and existing legal rules, essentially challenging the centralized coinage rights guaranteed by state apparatus. Therefore, it is foreseeable that this challenge will continue to exist for some time. Nowadays, different countries have adopted different attitudes, some countries such as Malta, Germany, Japan, etc., embrace the blockchain;some such as the United States and China focus on relevant regulations； and some relatively conservative countries adopt the boycott attitude toward the blockchain.

首先，以典型的数字货币比特币为例，面临的第一大问题就是监管问题。基于区块链技术发展起来的比特币等数字货币，从逻辑上来说，是去中心化、反对集中监管的；但各国对货币具有主权要求，在此情况下，比特币等数字货币到底是否应该纳入国家监管体系，以及如何纳入国家监管体系，就是一个非常棘手的问题。目前除德国外其余国家普遍将比特币等数字货币作为有价财产看待，还没有将其纳入严格的金融监管体系。值得关注的是，2017年初，我国央行支持的基于区块链技术的数字票据交易平台已测试成功，意味着区块链技术或许将为我国开启一种全新的货币和支付体系架构，从而很有可能为区块链技术在货币金融领域应用的监管做出范例。

Firstly, taking BitCoin, a typical digital currency, as an example, its first major problem is the regulatory issue. Digital currency such as BitCoin developed based on blockchain technology is logically decentralized and against the centralized supervision； However, countries have sovereignty requirements for currencies. Under this circumstance, it is quite tough to decide whether digital currencies such as BitCoin shall be and how to be included in the national regulatory system. At present, except that Germany regards BitCoin and other digital currencies as valuable assets, countries across the world have not yet incorporated digital currencies into a strict financial supervision system. It is worth noting that at the beginning of 2017, the Digital Bill Trading Platform based on blockchain technology supported by The People's Bank of China was tested successfully, indicating that blockchain technology may bring a brand-new currency and payment system architecture to China. It is likely to provide an example of the regulation of blockchain technology in the field of monetary and financial applications.

其次，区块链技术应用也不得不面临巨大的风险。比特币最大的优点有时也会带来一些困扰，遗失、盗窃、攻击、投机、洗钱以及各种风波、质疑等，一直伴随着比特币的发展历程。比特币系统是纯匿名的，无法把用户账户的地址与用户本人相关联，并且比特币交易具有不可撤销和不可找回的特性，意味着如果失去钱包文件（私钥），那么钱包包含的所有地址上的所有比特币都将彻底丢失，存在于交易记录的历史中，任何人都可以看到，但不能获得。

Secondly, the application of blockchain technology will definitely face huge risks. Though BitCoin has some significant advantages, the loss, theft, attack, speculation, money laundering, and some other troubles have been accompanied by the d evelopment o f BitCoin. The BitCoin system is p urely anonymous and cannot associate the address of a user account with the user himself, and the BitCoin transaction is irrevocable and irretrievable, which means that if you lose your wallet file (private key), all the BitCoins on all the addresses contained in the wallet will be completely lost, but they exist in the history of the transaction history. Anyone can see your BitCoins, but can't get them.

第三，区块链技术中智能合约的效力问题。区块链技术的广泛应用，离不开智能合约，所谓的智能合约就是以数字编码的形式定义承诺。即使没有得到法律和司法的正式确认，交易的双方无须彼此信任，一切交易都由代码强制执行。所以社群、透明化的运作在区块链项目中就变得非常重要。

Thirdly, issues related to the effectiveness of smart contracts in blockchain technology. The wide application of blockchain technology is inseparable from smart contracts. The so-called smart contracts define the commitments in the form of digital codes. Even without officially confirmed by the law and the judiciary, the parties to the transaction do not have to trust each other, and all transactions are enforced by the code. Therefore, the operation of the community and transparency is essential to the blockchain project.

展 望

Prospects

区块链和通证（token，即区块链上的一种权益证明，而非货币）带来的是一个时代的革命，除了在金融法律等相关领域产生极大影响之外，在投资与公司法范围内也引发了巨变，而我们也借此对未来作以展望